Review
Japanese Sword Names Explained
Jul
Do You Know What a Japanese Sword Actually Is?
When people hear about Japanese swords, the immediate images that often come to mind are those of iconic figures like samurai warriors, ninjas, or even playful references like “Samurai Jack” or the mobile game “Fruit Ninja.” These cultural touchstones often paint a picture of swords as instruments of martial prowess or popular entertainment. However, Japanese swords encompass a much broader and deeper cultural significance. Beyond their association with warriors, these swords are embodiments of centuries-old craftsmanship, steeped in traditions that emphasize not only functionality in combat but also artistic expression and spiritual symbolism. These blades served diverse roles in Japanese society, wielded by samurai as symbols of honor and duty, but also cherished by aristocrats, merchants, and even religious figures. Today, Japanese swords are revered globally for their beauty, historical significance, and the enduring craftsmanship that continues to captivate admirers worldwide. In this article, you’ll find our more info about japanese sword names and their rich history.
Before the Beginning
Swords in Japan have quite the history starting with straight swords (chokutō) brought from Asia during the Kofun period (3rd to 7th century). These swords were worn with the blade down on the left hip, like a fashionable ancient belt accessory! Fast forward to the Heian period (794-1185), and curved swords (wantō) became all the rage, especially after some northern conquests. Then, during the chaotic clan rivalries of the late Heian period, super-long curved swords (tachi) came into play. That’s when things got serious like, “my sword is longer than your sword” serious. And thus, the era of Japanese swords began, blending craftsmanship, style, and a lot of historical drama into every swing.
The Beginning of an Era of Japanese Sword Names
Picture this: back in the day, there were “old swords” (kotō), “new swords” (shintō), and even “new, new swords” (shinshintō). It sounds like they were just trying to keep up with sword trends, right? Then came the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, where the line between “old” and “new” swords was drawn, kind of like a sword-themed fashion show finale.
Before Tokugawa Shogunate strutted onto the scene, it was all about the majestic tachi swords – long, heavy, and worn edge-down from the waist. But hold up! Along came the uchigatana, or as you probably know it by its iconic name, “katana,” which is shorter, lighter, and way more versatile. It was the perfect accessory for a samurai on the go, worn edge-up in the sash like a stylish sidekick.
And hey, next time you see a Japanese sword in a photo, check out how it’s displayed: some blades are up, some are down. It’s not just sword photography posing. It’s a historical homage to how these bad boys were rocked back in the day.
Tsurugi/Ken
(剣, “sword”): A straight two-edged sword mainly produced before the 10th century. After the 10th century, they completely disappeared as weapons and came to be made only as offerings to Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples.
Characteristics of Tsurugi/Ken
The “Tsurugi” typically appears as a longer sword, often with a straight blade and a single or double-edged design. It was primarily used ceremonially in ancient Japan, symbolizing spiritual power in rituals and mythological contexts.
“Ken,” on the other hand, encompasses swords of various lengths, including shorter blades like the “Wakizashi” to longer swords like the “Tachi” and “Katana,” which could range from around 60 cm (24 inches) to over 100 cm (39 inches) in length, suited for combat and self-defense in historical times.
Famous Tsurugi/Ken Names
- Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi (草薙の剣) -The “Grass-Cutting Sword,” one of Japan’s Three Imperial Regalia, discovered by the storm god Susanoo in mythology.
- Ame-no-Murakumo-no-Tsurugi (天叢雲剣) – The “Sword of the Gathering Clouds of Heaven,” another name for the Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi.
Chokutō
(直刀, “straight sword”): A straight single-edged sword that was mainly produced prior to the 10th century. Since the 10th century, they disappeared as weapons and came to be made only as offerings to Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples.
Characteristics of Chokutō
The Chokutō is characterized by its straight, single-edged blade and lack of curvature. It typically ranges from around 60 cm (24 inches) to 80 cm (31 inches) in length. Historically, the Chokutō was used during Japan’s Kofun period (3rd to 6th century) for combat and ceremonial purposes. Its design influenced later sword types like the Tachi and Katana, marking an important evolutionary step in Japanese sword craftsmanship and martial culture.
Famous Chokutō Names
- Sugari no Ontachi (須賀利御太刀) – This Chokuto is one of the famous swords associated with the Ise Grand Shrine in Japan. It is known for its ornate mountings and historical significance, believed to have been remade every 20 years as part of the shrine’s rituals.
- Dojigiri Yasutsuna (童子切安綱) – Another renowned Chokuto, Dojigiri Yasutsuna is famous for its association with the legendary samurai Minamoto no Yorimitsu (Raikou). According to legend, Yorimitsu used this sword to slay a demon disguised as a boy (doji), hence its name “Dojigiri” (boy-cutter).
Tachi
(太刀, “long sword”): A sword that is generally longer and more curved than the later Katana, with curvature often centered from the middle or towards the tang and often including the tang. The tachi was in vogue before the 15th century. Historically, it was the primary weapon of mounted samurai warriors during the feudal period.
Characteristics of Tachi
Its curved, single-edged blade distinguishes the Tachi and typically ranges from 70 cm (28 inches) to 80 cm (31 inches) in length. Designed for slashing attacks from horseback, the curvature allowed for effective cutting motions. The Tachi’s hilt and scabbard were often richly adorned, reflecting the status and taste of its owner in Japanese aristocratic and warrior society.
Famous Tachi Names
- Onimaru Kunitsuna (鬼丸国綱) – A renowned Tachi wielded by the legendary samurai Minamoto no Yorimitsu, known for his prowess in slaying demons and supernatural creatures.
- Dojigiri Yasutsuna (童子切安綱)- A celebrated Tachi crafted by the renowned swordsmith Yasutsuna, known for its exceptional cutting ability and mythological associations.
Kodachi
(小太刀, “small Tachi“): A shorter version of the tachi, but with similar mounts and intended use, mostly found in the 13th century or earlier. It was favored by samurai as a versatile weapon suitable for indoor combat, tight spaces, and quick draw techniques. Its shorter length allowed for swift and precise strikes in confined environments.
Characteristics of Kodachi
The Kodachi is characterized by its shorter length compared to a traditional Katana, typically ranging from 48 cm (19 inches) to 60 cm (24 inches). It features a single-edged blade similar to a Katana but is shorter and designed for closer combat.
Famous Kodachi Names
- Nanatsu-ishi Kodachi (七ッ石小太刀) – Known as the “Seven Stones Kodachi,” this sword is associated with the legendary samurai Miyamoto Musashi. It is said that Musashi wielded this Kodachi during his famous duels and battles, showcasing his exceptional skill and prowess in swordsmanship.
- Kogarasu Maru (小烏丸) – While traditionally known as a Tachi, Kogarasu Maru is sometimes referred to as a Kodachi. It is associated with the legendary swordsmith Amakuni and is famous for its elegant curvature and early example of a curved Japanese sword design.
Ōdachi/Nodachi
(大太刀, “large Tachi“)/Nodachi (野太刀, “field Tachi” ): The Ōdachi or Nodachi was primarily used by foot soldiers and warriors on open battlefields during feudal Japan. The Ōdachi’s extended reach and cutting power made it effective against cavalry and multiple opponents. Historically, Ōdachi were challenging to wield due to their size and weight, requiring specialized training and strength.
Characteristics of Ōdachi/Nodachi
The Ōdachi or Nodachi is characterized by its long, curved, single-edged blade, typically ranging from 90 cm (35 inches) to over 120 cm (47 inches) in length.
Famous Ōdachi/Nodachi Names
- Onikiri Yasutsuna (鬼切安綱) – Known for its association with Minamoto no Yorimitsu, a legendary samurai who used it to slay demons and supernatural beings.
- Kongo-Ikken Hisakuni (金剛一間久国) – A famous Nodachi attributed to the swordsmith Hisakuni, renowned for its size and cutting ability.
Uchigatana
(打刀, “striking sword”): Originating during the Muromachi period (1336–1573), it evolved from earlier Tachi swords and became the standard weapon for samurai during the Edo period (1603–1868). The Uchigatana was versatile in both one-handed and two-handed grips, suitable for swift, close combat and drawing techniques.
Characteristics of Uchigatana
The Uchigatana is characterized by its slightly curved, single-edged blade, typically measuring between 60 cm (24 inches) to 80 cm (31 inches) in length. It later influenced the design of the Katana, becoming a precursor to Japan’s iconic sword.
Famous Uchigatana Names
- Oniyuri Uchigatana – Known for its unique shape and craftsmanship, this sword is a prized collector’s item.
- Kogarasu Maru – Also known as the Little Crow, this sword is famous for its double-edged design.
Wakizashi
(脇差, “side inserted [sword]”): It was often paired with a Katana as part of a samurai’s Daisho (pair of swords), predominantly made after 1600. Generally, it is the short blade that accompanies a katana in the traditional samurai Daisho pairing of swords, but may be worn by classes other than the samurai as a single blade, also worn edge up as the Katana. The name derives from the way the sword would be stuck at one’s side through the sash.
Characteristics of Wakizashi
The Wakizashi is characterized by its shorter length, typically ranging from 30 cm (12 inches) to 60 cm (24 inches). It features a single-edged blade. It served as a backup weapon for close combat and indoor use, such as in confined spaces or for seppuku (ritual suicide). It symbolized a samurai’s honor and loyalty, reflecting their social status and martial prowess.
Famous Wakizashi Names
- Wakizashi by Soshu Akihiro – Celebrated for its sharpness and balanced design, embodying the renowned Soshu craftsmanship.
- Wakizashi by Soshu Fusamune – Known for superior cutting ability and elegant curvature, showcasing the mastery of the Soshu sword-making tradition.
Tantō
(短刀, “short blade”): A traditional dagger originating in the Heian period (794–1185), Tanto was initially used as an auxiliary weapon by samurai for close combat, self-defense, and ritualistic purposes such as seppuku (ritual suicide).
Characteristics of Tantō
A sword with a blade shorter than one shaku (30 cm (12 in)). Tantō is generally classified as a sword, but its usage is the same as that of a knife. Usually one-edged, but some were double-edged, though asymmetrical.
Famous Tantō Names
- Aoi Tanto (葵短刀) – This dagger is associated with the Tokugawa clan and was part of the regalia passed down through generations. It is known for its exquisite craftsmanship and historical significance within the Tokugawa shogunate.
- Saigo no Tanto (西郷の短刀) – A Tanto associated with Saigo Takamori, a prominent samurai and leader during the Meiji Restoration. This Tanto symbolizes Saigo’s honor and commitment to samurai ideals during a period of profound societal and political change in Japan.
Artistry in Japanese Swordcraft
Blade Artistry
Each sword is a masterpiece shaped by regional styles like Yamashiro, Bizen, and Sōshū, each with unique curvature and forging techniques. The Sugata, or blade shape, isn’t just about looks. It’s optimized for cutting and balance, making these swords lethal and practical. What sets them apart is the Hamon, that mesmerizing wavy line along the blade edge. It’s not just for show. It’s created by heating and cooling techniques that toughen the edge while keeping the spine flexible. Imagine the skill it takes to polish a blade to reveal that perfect hamon shimmer! From the razor-sharp tip to the carefully shaped tang (Nakago) that fits snugly into the handle (tsuka), every detail speaks volumes about the swordsmith’s art.
Koshirae (Sword Mountings) Aesthetics
Koshirae, the art of Japanese sword mountings, is a realm where craftsmanship and symbolism converge with meticulous precision. Each element, whether it’s the menuki (grip ornaments), tsuba (handguard), Fuchi and Kashira (handle fittings), or the saya (scabbard) lacquer – serves both functional and aesthetic purposes. The menuki aren’t mere decorations: they provide balance and grip, essential for wielding the sword with precision and control. Tsuba, often adorned with intricate designs, not only protects the hand but also signifies the status and taste of the sword’s owner. Fuchi and Kashira are meticulously fitted to the handle, ensuring durability and enhancing the sword’s overall balance. The Saya, crafted with layers of lacquer, not only protects the blade but also showcases the artisan’s skill in achieving a flawless finish. Each component of Koshirae is crafted with utmost care, reflecting centuries of tradition and the artistic sensibilities of Japanese swordsmiths.
Famous Japanese Swordsmiths
Masamune
Masamune is often regarded as Japan’s greatest swordsmith, known for his exceptional craftsmanship during the Kamakura period (1185-1333). His swords are revered for their superior quality, exquisite beauty, and unparalleled sharpness. Masamune’s blades are characterized by their graceful curves, flawless forging techniques, and the ability to retain a sharp edge while remaining resilient. Legend has it that his swords possessed a gentle and benevolent spirit, known as “Masamune’s soul” or “Masamune’s blessing,” which brought good fortune to their wielders.
Samurai clans favored Masamune’s swords and even bestowed them as gifts between lords and rulers. Many of his works are considered national treasures of Japan, held in high esteem for their practicality in battle and artistic and spiritual significance.
Muramasa
Muramasa, believed to have lived during the Muromachi period (1336-1573), was known for his unmatched skill in creating blades of exceptional sharpness and cutting ability. However, his swords were also said to possess a cursed or bloodthirsty spirit, often called “Muramasa’s curse” or “Muramasa’s evil edge.”
According to folklore, Muramasa’s blades had a violent propensity and were believed to drive their wielders into a frenzy or bloodlust during battle. Samurai were said to avoid Muramasa swords, fearing their unpredictable nature and the potential for tragedy. Despite this reputation, Muramasa’s craftsmanship was highly regarded, and his swords are noted for their distinctive hamon (temper line) patterns and cutting prowess.
Both Masamune and Muramasa remain iconic figures in Japanese sword history, representing contrasting styles and the rich cultural heritage surrounding swordsmithing in Japan. Their legacy continues to captivate enthusiasts and collectors worldwide, with their swords serving as tangible connections to Japan’s martial past and artistic traditions.
Legendary Swords in Japanese Mythology
Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi
Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi, known as the “Grass-Cutting Sword,” is one of Japan’s Three Imperial Regalia. According to myth, the storm god Susanoo discovered this divine sword inside the tail of the fearsome eight-headed serpent, Yamata no Orochi. Banished from the heavens for his mischievous behavior, Susanoo encountered Orochi terrorizing the land. To appease the serpent’s hunger, Susanoo proposed a challenge: if Orochi could consume seven barrels of sake (rice wine) from Susanoo’s daughters, then he would allow it to do so. As Orochi prepared to consume the eighth maiden, Susanoo intervened. During the battle, he found Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi within one of Orochi’s tails. Impressed by the sword’s beauty and power, Susanoo presented it to his sister, the sun goddess Amaterasu, as a reconciliation gift. Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi became one of the Three Sacred Treasures of Japan, symbolizing the imperial family’s divine right to rule.
Other Mythological Swords
Several legendary swords stand out in Japanese mythology and history for their mythical origins and historical significance. Ame no Murakumo no Tsurugi, or the “Sword of the Gathering Clouds of Heaven,” was wielded by Susanoo to slay the serpent Yamata no Orochi, showcasing its divine power over the elements. Totsuka no Tsurugi, another of Susanoo’s swords, was discovered within Orochi’s tails, highlighting its association with heroic deeds and mythical battles. Futsu no Mitama no Tsurugi, enshrined at the Grand Shrine of Ise, symbolizes Japan’s imperial lineage and spiritual protection. Higekiri and Hizamaru, crafted by Masamune during the Kamakura period, are renowned for their exceptional sharpness and connection to the heroic samurai Minamoto no Yorimitsu (Raikō), who used them against supernatural foes. Onimaru Kunitsuna, also associated with Raikō, earned its name as the “Demon Circle” for its role in defeating demons during the Heian period, reflecting its mythical prowess and the enduring themes of courage and the supernatural in Japanese folklore.
Cultural Impact
Japanese swords have left an indelible mark on culture beyond martial prowess. Samurai swords symbolized honor, loyalty, and status, becoming essential in rituals and ceremonies. In ancient times, swordsmiths were revered as artists and even considered sacred. Craftwork influenced art, literature, and philosophy, embodying the soul of Japan’s warrior ethos. Today, swords remain revered symbols of heritage and craftsmanship, sparking admiration worldwide. You can find any kind of swords in our shop.
Reflecting on their cultural impact begs the question: what do our modern tools say about us and our values?
